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Advertising research is a specialized form of marketing research conducted to improve the efficiency of advertising. ==History== The highlighted events of the history of advertising research include: 1879 - N. W. Ayer conducts custom research in an attempt to win the advertising business of Nichols-Shepard Co., a manufacturer of agricultural machinery.〔Honomichl p.173〕 1895 - Harlow Gale of the University of Minnesota mails questionnaires to gather opinions about advertising from the public.〔 1900s - George B. Waldron conducts qualitative research for Mahin’s Advertising Agency.〔Honomichl pp.173-174〕 1910s - 1911 can be considered the year marketing research becomes an industry. That year, J. George Frederick leaves his position as editor of ''Printer’s Ink'' to begin his research company, the Business Bourse with clients such as General Electric and the Texas Co. Also in 1911, Kellogg's ad manager, R. O. Eastman creates the Association of National Advertisers which is now known as the Association of National Advertising Managers. The group’s first project is a postcard questionnaire to determine magazine readership. The results introduce the concept of duplication of circulation. In 1916, R. O. Eastman starts his own company, the Eastman Research Bureau which boasts clients such as ''Cosmopolitan, Christian Herald'', and General Electric.〔Honomichl p. 174〕 1920s - In 1922, Dr. Daniel Starch tests reader recognition levels of magazine and newspaper advertisements and editorial content. In 1923, Dr. George Gallup begins measuring advertising readership.〔 1930s - In 1936, Dr. George Gallup validates his survey methodology by using the same tools polling voters during public elections. This allows him to successfully compare and validate his study's results against the election’s results.〔Honomichl p.175〕 1940s - Post World War II, the U.S. sees a large increase in the number of market research companies.〔 1950s - Market researchers focus on improving methods and measures. In their search for a single-number statistic to capture the overall performance of the advertising creative, Day-After-Recall (DAR) is created.〔Young, p.6〕 1960s - Qualitative focus groups gain in popularity.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Internet Focus Groups: An Oxymoron )〕 In addition, some advertisers call for more rigorous measurement of the in-market effectiveness of advertising in order to provide better accountability for the large amounts being spent on advertising. In response, Seymour Smith and Associates, using Advertising Research Foundation data as a jumping-off point, develops the Communicus System, a comprehensive approach to isolating the in-market impact of advertising across media. 1970s - Computers emerge as business tools, allowing researchers to conduct large-scale data manipulations. (Honomichl p. 175) Multiple studies prove DAR (Recall) scores do not predict sales. The measure, persuasion, also known as motivation, is validated as a predictor of sales.〔Young, pp. 34–35〕 The measure known as “breakthrough” is re-examined by researchers who make a distinction between the attention-getting power of the creative execution (attention) and how well “branded” the ad is (brand linkage).〔Young, April 2005, p. 5〕 Herbert Krugman seeks to measure non-verbal measures biologically by tracking brain wave activities as respondents watch commercials. (Krugman) Others experiment with galvanic skin response, voice pitch analysis, and eye-tracking.〔Young, p.10〕 1980s - Researchers begin to view commercials as a “structured flow of experience” rather than a single unit to be rated on the whole, creating moment-by-moment systems such as the dial-a-meter.〔Young, p.24〕 1990s - Ameritest Research creates Picture Sorts to provide accurate non-verbal measurements in a moment-by-moment system. Picture Sorts results are graphed to visually represent commercial viewers' moment-by-moment image recognition (Flow of Attention), positive and negative feelings (Flow of Emotion), and brand values (Flow of Meaning).〔Young, pp.21-26〕 Trends in in-market tracking include a greater focus on the multimedia nature of entire advertising campaigns. 2000s - Global advertisers seek an integrated marketing research system that will work worldwide so they can compare results across countries.〔Young, April 2005, pp. 127–135〕 For a look at trends predicted for advertising research in the 21st century, see Seven Trends for the Future. Dr. Robert Heath publishes the seminal and controversial monograph “The Hidden Power of Advertising” which challenged the traditional models used in advertising research and shows how most advertising is processed at an emotional level (not a rational level). His monograph leads to re-examination of in-market research approaches that compare the behaviors of those who have seen advertising versus those who have not, such as the Communicus System, and the development of brand new pretesting systems such as the OTX AdCEP system.〔Heath, R. G. (2001) The Hidden Power of Advertising. Admap Monograph No. 7. World Advertising Research Centre. Henley-on-Thames, UK.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Advertising research」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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